Jeis West Sports
irish language revitalization
irish language revitalizationnaspghan foreign body guidelines
irish language revitalizationmaiolica white matte ceramic tile
directly supports language revitalization projects. In the latter part of the nineteenth century these broader questions were probed by Nietzsche and Freud in various ways. ""This book sheds light on the complicated, multifaceted relationship between nationalism and democracy by examining how nationalism in various periods and contexts shapes, or is shaped by, democratic practices or the lack thereof. Print. The alternative view, summarised in TG4s sil eile motto, is the default outlook of Irish-language literature of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Thirty years ago, there was one. This also mark the successful achievement of the revitalization programme, which has risen in the past 20 years, and the process should be carry on to sustain and stabilize the use of language. The purpose of this paper is to examine how struggles over language ownership are played out in a minority language setting, focusing on the case of Irish in the Republic of Ireland. ]. The ideals of the Gaelic League, while they failed to come to full fruition, had a extraordinary impact on the circumstances of the Irish language. But though Irish is the official language of the country and on road signs and drivers' licenses, English is the working language, he said. She found that the videos An analogous phenomenon in contemporary Arabic-speaking areas is the expanded use of the literary language (Modern Standard Arabic, a form of the Classical Arabic of the 6th century AD). Language revitalization is a fairly recent subfield of linguistics that is concerned with halting and reversing the extinction of languages. [66] It has been argued that they tend to be better educated than monolingual English speakers and enjoy higher social status. ANA believes language revitalization and continuation are two of the first steps taken in preserving and strengthening a community's culture. Irish Language Revitalization in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Using Irish at language immersion events is informed by diverse factors - levels of participant fluency, the prevalence of language-specific acquisition and socialization strategies, as well as by the need of attendees to talk about their stories and identities. 2000 [e-publication]. Despite . As a result of its loss as an official language and years of marginalization at the official level during and after American colonization, the use of Spanish amongst the overall populace decreased dramatically and became moribund, with the remaining native speakers left being mostly elderly people. The Yola language became extinct in the 1880s but many words and phrases still survive in the locality. I argue that the presence of an identity conflict between colonizer and colonized increases the efficacy of language revitalization movements, as language is a component used to establish a separate identity and assert independence from a colonizer. (2019) Language Breathes Life-Barngarla Community Perspectives on the Wellbeing Impacts of Reclaiming a Dormant Australian Aboriginal Language, International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(20). Tadhg hIfearnin Find on Oxford Academic . When the Irish literary tradition came under active existential threat from the seventeenth century onwards, the strategies of revival and renewal became part of an acquired self-awareness, an awareness that more dominant languages and literatures do not acquire, simply because they can assume that there is no threat to their existence. the Irish language teaching and some aspects of Irish language revitalization. She hopes to continue her studies on Irish culture in graduate school, with a goal of earning her PhD in archaeology. "Their children are going to Welsh language schools, so the parents go to evening classes to learn Welsh," says Ian Cox, who himself is taking classes in Cardiff. Once European colonization began, many laws were enacted in order to promote the use of English over Maori among indigenous people. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. An Ethnography of Diasporic Irish Language Revitalization in Southern and . The techniques he lists are often limited to the current vitality of the language. 2021 . Photograph: Walshe/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images. The Irish language has been instrumentalised for centuries in many ways beyond the domain of cultural nationalism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2010. pp. The Wapikona project submits its films to events around the world as an attempt to spread knowledge of indigenous culture and language. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (eds.). Barra stated: "[to] follow the syntax and idiomatic conventions of English, [would be] producing what amounts to little more than English in Irish drag. Firstly, we deal with the most significant documents where the status of the Irish language is being defined. The Romani arriving in the Iberian Peninsula developed an Iberian Romani dialect. Through language revitalization initiatives communities also preserve the nation, their way of life, and the people's unique cultural heritage. Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market, The Economic and Social Review, Vol. [34] He is an associate professor of Alaska Native Languages in the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Alaska Southeast which offers a minor in Tlingit language and an emphasis on Alaska Native Languages and Studies within a Bachelors degree in Liberal Arts.[35]. Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages. [21] For example, the existence of "Neo-Hawaiian" as a separate language from "Traditional Hawaiian" has been proposed, due to the heavy influence of English on every aspect of the revived Hawaiian language. Tsunoda, Tasaku. Print. Although some techniques seem ineffective, Kendall A. [3] The locations where Irish is spoken include "Cork, Donegal, Galway, Kerry, part of Mayo, Meath, and Waterford counties.". The idea of returning to occluded sources of knowledge is also central to the Renaissance and to the Reformation. These are the slaughter of Tamils that occurred in Sri Lanka in 1983, the military attack against the peasant enclave of Marquetalia that took place in Colombia in 1974, and the Bloody Sunday that transpired in Derry, Northern Ireland, in 1972. Starting with the 20th and 21 centuries, Irish survives in the Gaeltacht and has become an important part of Ireland's culture and heritage. [49], In the Philippines, a local variety of Spanish that was primarily based on Mexican Spanish was the lingua franca of the country since Spanish colonization in 1565 and was an official language alongside Filipino (standardized Tagalog) and English until 1987, following a ratification of a new constitution, where it was re-designated as a voluntary language. So the notion of a return to what has already been is a very old one. She is particularly interested in the intersection of nationalism and colonial power dynamics, especially how they manifest in cultural practices. In a related development, literary languages without native speakers enjoyed great prestige and practical utility as lingua francas, often counting millions of fluent speakers at a time. Acquisition of the language by adults, who in effect act as language apprentices (recommended where most of the remaining speakers of the language are elderly and socially isolated from other speakers of the language). The group is in New Zealand studying. Gaeltacht areas (Mac Donnacha et al., 2005; Laoire & Harris, 2006; National Council for . Originating in and spoken in Ireland, Irish is a Goidelic language from the Celtic family though under intense pressure from English for many centures, . One notable factor these two examples share is that the children were raised in fully immersive environments. The language of Irish itself is part of the larger Celtic family of languages, which is broken down into two branches: Gaelic and Welsh. Minority languages always have a sense in which they are something much more than a means of communication. But around the world, people are fighting back. Through a collaboration between UNESCO and the Chilean Corporacin Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena, the Department of Rapa Nui Language and Culture at the Lorenzo Baeza Vega School was created. Print. Irish language subjugation began when England invaded Ireland in 1169 CE. Carnie, Andrew. . Nevertheless, the three cases share as a common feature, the configuration of violent complaints around three emblematic events of State repression. Talybont: Y Lolfa. Its presence was sustained and reinforced by later migrations and by the strong social and economic ties across the narrow North Channel. The Maori Language Commission was formed in 1987, leading to a number of national reforms aimed at revitalizing Maori. These efforts have resulted in a steady increase in children being taught in Maori in schools since 1996. Tolerance and Cultural Diversity Discourses in Greece, The online atlas of Irish population change 18412002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics, The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Success was enjoyed in similar circumstances by High German, standard Czech, Castilian Spanish and other languages. This helps involved parties find the best way to assist or revive the language.[10]. Decisions are made in collaboration. Irish people began using Irish as a way to differentiate themselves from their colonizer. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the language in the workplace. Bairad had been making short films in the Irish language for some years, having grown up bilingual in Irish and English. [37] Schooling in the Lagunas community, although having a conscious focus on teaching Kichwa, consists of mainly passive interaction, reading, and writing in Kichwa. [105] The emphasis was on teaching children the language at a young age, a very effective strategy for language learning. Rather than focussing on the perceived failure of state-led language revival we need to embrace the value of a tradition of revivalism, one that has brought us an awareness of language and culture as constructs that are negotiable rather than fixed. Dichotomies, complementarities, oppositions, DUP discourses on violence and their impact on the Northern Ireland Peace Process, Tolerance and Cultural Diversity Discourses in Ireland, SIL EILE A different perspective on migration, language acquisition, belonging and multicultural society, THE MAINTENANCE OF REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY AND TACTICS IN THE DISCOURSES OF IRA FORMER PRISONERS. the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. [22] This has also been proposed for Irish, with a sharp division between "Urban Irish" (spoken by second-language speakers) and traditional Irish (as spoken as a first language in Gaeltacht areas). Prague: Research Support Scheme, 710 pp, Adrian Guelke The Challenges of Ethno-Nationalism Case Studies in Identity Politics, Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Educate that holy hatred: place, trauma and identity in the Irish nationalism of John Mitchel, Issue #02 | Contact Linguistics | Journal Article | Language Contact and Langauge Politics in Ireland: Linguistic Landscapes in South Dublin (Marion Schulte), Tr gan teanga, tr gan anam- Language revitalization in Northern Ireland.pdf, Book Review on "The EU-Russia Borderland: New contexts for regional cooperation". Fishman's model for reviving threatened (or sleeping) languages, or for making them sustainable,[11][12] consists of an eight-stage process. Additionally, the Sunday editions of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and its successor, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, feature a brief article called Kauakkalahale, written entirely in Hawaiian by a student.[106]. [56] As of 2010, the Instituto Cervantes in Manila reported the number of Spanish-speakers in the country with native or non-native knowledge at approximately 3 million, the figure albeit including those who speak the Spanish-based creole Chavacano. There are also current attempts to revive the related language of Scottish Gaelic, which was suppressed following the formation of the United Kingdom, and entered further decline due to the Highland clearances. The revitalization of endangered languages is both deeply personal and political, as language subjugation is directly linked to intentional efforts by colonizing powers to suppress and eradicate indigenous culture and dismantle local collective identity. [50][51][52] The language has seen a gradual revival, however, due to official promotion under the administration of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Language revitalization is an attempt to counter trends that have influenced decline in the use and learning of the . In person in 120 Ingraham Hall, and online (advanced registration required for online attendance). But the failure to teach it in an effective and engaging way means (as linguist Andrew Carnie notes) that students do not acquire the fluency needed for the lasting viability of the language, and this leads to boredom and resentment. Revitalization teams are utilizing modern technologies to increase contact with indigenous languages and to record traditional knowledge. Essays in this book include the following: "Language Revitalization: An Overview" (Leanne Hinton); "Diversity in Local Language Maintenance and Restoration: A Reason for Optimism" (Anna Ash, Jessie Little Doe Fermino, Ken Hale); "Federal Language Policy and Indigenous Languages in the United States" (Leanne Hinton); ".To Help Assure the Survival and Continuing Vitality of Native American . Fionntn de Brn is Professor of Modern Irish at Maynooth University. He became a key figure of the Gaelic revival. Its reversal was a complex phenomenon, and it not easy to describe or analyze the processes involved. In this case, there was a unique set of historical and cultural characteristics that facilitated the revival. Freud was similarly concerned with looking back so that we might look forward, observing as he did persistent patterns of repetition and regression in human mental processes and behaviour. One of the best cases of relative success in language revitalization is the case of Maori, also known as te reo Mori. [117][118], The protection of minority languages from extinction is often not a concern for speakers of the dominant language. In the last few decades, local nationalism and human rights movements have made a more multicultural policy standard in European states; sharp condemnation of the earlier practices of suppressing regional languages was expressed in the use of such terms as "linguicide". After them, Twankstas Glabbis from Kaliningrad oblast and Nrtiks Pamedns from East-Prussia, now Polish Warmia-Mazuria actively joined. [63] The challenges faced by the language over the last few centuries have included exclusion from important domains, social denigration, the death or emigration of many Irish speakers during the Irish famine of the 1840s, and continued emigration since. The Manx government has also been involved in the effort by creating organizations such as the Manx Heritage Foundation (Culture Vannin) and the position of Manx Language Officer. Introducing our New Irish Language Course! In order to assert their dominance, English rulers passed laws forbidding the use of the Irish language. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization. Imperialism and nationalism: The Home Rule struggle and border creation in Ireland, 18851925, North-South Research Collaboration: a drop in the international ocean, Unity in Diversity, Volume 2: Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept, dr hab hab Sabine Asmus, prof US (Uniwersytet Szczecinski, Poland), Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism US Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, The Agreement Generation: young peoples views on the new cross-border relationship, Discourses of belonging and resistance: Irish-language maintenance in Ireland and the diaspora, From Soviet National Policy to Contemporary Russian Federalism: The Past and Future of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Why (not) Irish ? The book was translated by Piotr Szatkowski (Pteris tkis) and released in 2015. ideologies behind Indigenous language revitalization movements (Cru, 2018). Jane Freeland Find . [40][41][42] However, Sanskrit speakers still account for just 0.00198 percent of India's total population. No Barla . [58][59], The Kodrah Kristang revitalization initiative in Singapore seeks to revive the critically endangered Kristang creole. Rather than there being one period of Irish revival, it is more accurate to speak of revivalism as a recurring critical cultural practice. This first language - also called the native tongue or mother tongue - is the LI. Tsunoda, Tasaku. Planners and advocates approaching the problem from all directions. [80], The Livonian linguistic and cultural heritage is included in the Latvian cultural canon[87] and the protection, revitalization and development of Livonian as an indigenous language is guaranteed by Latvian law[88], A few linguists and philologists are involved in reviving a reconstructed form of the extinct Old Prussian language from Luther's catechisms, the Elbing Vocabulary, place names, and Prussian loanwords in the Low Prussian dialect of German. Todays Belfast News-letter would scarcely concur. Directly addressing different varieties of the language. His presentation of eternal recurrence as a continual return to what has already been, and his insistence on a form of radical becoming in response, reflect, in many ways, the essential challenge of revivalism - to make the revisitation of the past an act of creative renewal. I examined current Irish Department of Education policies for medium schools, which are schools that provide education in an Irish-speaking format where students acquire the Irish language through . The role of the Irish language in the ongoing Stormont impasse has led to much talk of the language being politicised, weaponised and otherwise instrumentalised. The European colonization of Australia, and the consequent damage sustained by Aboriginal communities, had a catastrophic effect on indigenous languages, especially in the southeast and south of the country, leaving some with no living traditional native speakers. Maynooth: National University of Ireland. Abdurrahman & Hseyinolu, The (Dys-) Functional Autonomy of the Muslim Turkish Minority in Western Thrace, Greece, in Salat et al eds., Autonomy Arrangements Around the World: A Collection of Well and Lesser Known Cases, Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minoritilor Naionale: 417-442. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203918. The prospects for Kichwa language revitalization are not promising, as parents depend on schooling for this purpose, which is not nearly as effective as continual language exposure in the home. Dozens of students participated. IDENTITIES IN NORTHERN IRELAND: NOTHING BUT THE SAME OLD STORIES? King provides several suggestions: Specific suggestions include imparting an elevated perception of the language in schools, focusing on grassroots efforts both in school and the home, and maintaining national and regional attention. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:48. "In Olkmi communities, Olkmi names are now given to help young people connect to their roots. "[23] With regard to the then-moribund Manx language, the scholar T. F. O'Rahilly stated, "When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Nietzsches first book, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), argued the case for a revival, specifically an attempted retrieval of elements of Western culture that had been lost or repressed, particularly the meaning and use of tragedy. Do not include any personal details in the box below. The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers of any of the numerous Italian languages were taught standard Italian as a second language and subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as a first language. Oideas Gael: a social enterprise model for language revitalization. In 1850s New York, Protestant evangelical societies employed Irish-speaking "colporteurs" in an attempt to gain converts among the thousands of new Irish immigrants. In localities where there are a reasonable number of people habitually using the language, encourage the informal use of the language among people of all age groups and within families and bolster its daily use through the establishment of local neighbourhood institutions in which the language is encouraged, protected and (in certain contexts at least) used exclusively. ARP funding will assist Tribes and Native organizations . Kichwa is the variety of the Quechua language spoken in Ecuador and is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages in South America. Half the world's languages could disappear in a generation, erasing half of all human knowledge. The Irish language and the Irish people: Report on the attitudes towards, competence in and use of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland in 2007-08. Sanskrit has experienced a recorded growth of over 70 per cent in one decade due to the Sanskrit revival. Mar 2 at 2:30 pm Join the UWM Center for Celtic Studies for a talk about language revitalization and preservation in the 2023 Douglas Hyde Lecture - 'The Status of the Irish Language in the North of Ireland' Mar 3 at 7:30 pm Scythian at CelticMKE Irish Cultural and Heritage Center, Milwaukee The Livonian Institute of the University of Latvia. Rnn Dochartaigh, Oideas Gael. Conscious efforts are also made by the elders to ensure that the children speak the language.". [119] At other times governments deem that the cost of revitalization programs and creating linguistically diverse materials is too great to take on. Essay from the year 2015 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University College Dublin, course: Seminar: Minority and Endangered Languages, language: English, abstract: This essay discusses the ways in which the Irish Government attempts to revitalize the Irish language. The Irish language is still being spoken all across Ireland today, from small rural areas to bigger urban centers. Rather than focussing on the perceived failure of state-led language revival we need to embrace the value of a tradition of revivalism. Nine areas of action are set out in the Strategy, namely: As a result of a consultation process organised by the department on the matter, the need for a 5-Year Action Plan was identified. Despite state-support for Irish language revitalization, census data shows that the Republic of Ireland saw a decrease in the percentage of speakers in all 26 counties from 2001 to 2011. Thomson's translation was in turn translated as Vingt Ans de Jeunesse (1936) by the French surrealist Raymond Queneau who later wrote a burlesque novel of the 1916 Rising, On est Toujours Trop Bon avec les Femmes (1947). Thirteen autobiographical accounts of language revitalization, ranging from Irish Gaelic to Mohawk, Kawaiisu to Maori, are brought together by Leanne Hinton, professor emerita of linguistics at UC Berkeley, who for decades has been leading efforts to preserve the rich linguistic heritage of the world. : Struggles for Language Ownership in an Irish Language Classroom, LEGITIMISING THROUGH LANGUAGE: POLITICIAL DISCOURSE WORLDS IN NORTHERN IRELAND AFTER THE 1998 AGREEMENT. The city of hundreds of faces and hidden barriers, another British experiment. While the Irish language doesn't hold prestige as the language of the state (Ireland is part of the U.K. at the time of "Dubliners"), it acts as a marker of in-group cultural identity and national pride for those able to study it - the lower and working class people of Dublin have no such opportunity (c.f . The 'extinct' Cornish language had been reclassified as 'critically endangered' by the UNESCO in 2010, this granted Cornish speakers recognition in the world. Paradoxically, in the case of Irish and other minority languages and literatures, existential uncertainty has engendered an awareness of their own agency. The Gaeltacht Act 2012 gives statutory effect to the implementation of the 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030, where it is stated that 'under the new Act, a language planning process will be instigated whereby a language plan will be prepared at community level for each Gaeltacht district'. 59, pp. The Lagunas people assert that it was not for cultural assimilation purposes, as they value their cultural identity highly. Equally, the desire to revive elements of our past is evident in a wide variety of spheres including religion, art, design . Even though Irish is technically the first official language of the Republic . alone, it is estimated that more than 2000 languages have already become extinct. There has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival, the Hebrew language, creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model.[3]. Education | Indigenous education, language planning and policy, Indigenous language revitalization, ethnographic studies of education in and out of school. There are many different theories or models that attempt to lay out a plan for language revitalization. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme case of second-language learning. ", "An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive", "Indigenous language workshops connecting Gunggari people to culture", "Ngayana Diyari Yawarra Yathayilha: Supporting the Dieri language", "Languages Provision in Victorian Government Schools, 2018", "Ndejama cuia chi ini zaza: Mexico's Mixtec people know how to speak the language of nature", "A positive sense of Identity and Culture", "United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children", http://worldaffairsjournal.org/article/cosmopolitan-tongue-universality-english, "Number of sentences per language - Tatoeba", Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project, World Oral Literature Project, Voices of Vanishing Worlds, Documenting Endangered Languages (DEL) (Archived program), Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States, Programs Concerned with Alaska Native Language (ANL) Revitalization, "The Young Ancestors, Camino Verite Films", "Language 911: UM helps rescue fading indigenous voices", Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival, "Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college", Learning indigenous languages on Nintendo, First Nations endangered languages chat applications, DOBES Documentation of Endangered Languages, Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center training, Do-it-yourself grammar and reading in your language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_revitalization&oldid=1141842953, Healthy/strong: all generations use language in variety of settings, Weakening/sick: spoken by older people; not fully used by younger generations, Moribund/dying: only a few adult speakers remain; no longer used as, Dead: no longer spoken as a native language, Extinct: no longer spoken and has few or no written records, unsafe: some children use the language in all settings, all children use the language in some settings, definitively endangered: few children speak the language; predominantly spoken by the parental generation and older, severely endangered: spoken by older generations; not used by the parental generation and younger, critically endangered: few speakers remain and are mainly from the great grandparental generation, Proportion of speakers within the total population, safe: the language is spoken by 100% of the population, unsafe: the language is spoken by nearly 100% of the population, definitively endangered: the language is spoken by a majority of the population, severely endangered: the language is spoken by less than 50% of the population, critically endangered: the language has very few speakers, universal use (safe): spoken in all domains; for all functions, multilingual parity (unsafe): multiple languages (2+) are spoken in most social domains; for most functions, dwindling domains (definitively endangered): mainly spoken in home domains and is in competition with the dominant language; for many functions, limited or formal domains (severely endangered): spoken in limited social domains; for several functions, highly limited domains (critically endangered): spoken in highly restricted domains; for minimal functions, dynamic (safe): spoken in all new domains, robust/active (unsafe): spoken in most new domains, receptive (definitively endangered): spoken in many new domains, coping (severely endangered): spoken in some new domains, minimal (critically endangered): spoken in minimal new domains, inactive (extinct): spoken in no new domains, Materials for language education and literacy, safe: established orthography and extensive access to educational materials, unsafe: access to educational materials; children developing literacy; not used by administration, definitively endangered: access to educational materials exist at school; literacy in language is not promoted, severely endangered: literacy materials exist however are not present in school curriculum, critically endangered: orthography is known and some written materials exist, Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies (including official status and use), equal support (safe): all languages are equally protected, differentiated support (unsafe): primarily protected for private domains, passive assimilation (definitively endangered): no explicit protective policy; language use dwindles in public domain, active assimilation (severely endangered): government discourages use of language; no governmental protection of language in any domain, forced assimilation (critically endangered): language is not recognized or protected; government recognized another official language, prohibition (extinct): use of language is banned, Community members' attitudes towards their own language, safe: language is revered, valued, and promoted by whole community, unsafe: language maintenance is supported by most of the community, definitively endangered: language maintenance is supported by much of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, severely endangered: language maintenance is supported by some of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, critically endangered: language maintenance is supported by only a few members of the community; the rest are indifferent or support language loss, extinct: complete apathy towards language maintenance; prefer dominant language, superlative (safe): extensive audio, video, media, and written documentation of the language, good (unsafe): audio, video, media, and written documentation all exist; a handful of each, fair (definitively endangered): some audio and video documentation exists; adequate written documentation, fragmentary (severely endangered): minimal audio and video documentation exists at low quality; minimal written documentation, inadequate (critically endangered): only a handful of written documentation exists, undocumented (extinct): no documentation exists.
